Transit and safe third country definition: criticisms based on recent North Macedonia decisions

1 – The upsurge of the Western Balkan route 

According to the most recent figures provided by the European Border and Coast Guard Agency, between January and May 2022, the number of “illegal” crossing borders to enter the EU’s external border has risen since 2016, recording an increase of 82% compared to the same period of the previous year. The number of “illegal” crossings registered on the Western Balkan route amounts to 86,420 entries detected between January and May of this year. Early at the end of 2021, dozens of people on the move were found on a track in North Macedonia, near the Greek border. Immediately after, they were transferred to a shelter in Gevgelija, waiting to be deported to Greece. Police said it was the first large group of migrants discovered in North Macedonia in the past six months. At the beginning of July 2022, the North Macedonian Police discovered 87 migrants crammed into a truck with a trailer in the southern part of the country believed to have entered illegally from Greece. Amid increasing migration movements on the western Balkan route, Greece and North Macedonia shift the blame on each other, refusing to take the responsibility for the asylum claims.

As a confirmation of the increasing tension at the border between North Macedonia and Greece, several testimonies collected by one of BVMN’s Greek partners have revealed a concerning pattern of pushbacks occurring in the area between Gevgelija and Idomeni, a city located at the Greek border with North Macedonia. As reported, people were not informed about their rights and were denied access to basic services such as food and sanitary facilities. Unfortunately, this does not seem to be an isolated episode, but rather a recurring practice inherently compromising the right to seek asylum. As further proof, in the period between October and December 2021, 4.058 migrants were registered in the Temporary Transit Centre of Vinojug, North Macedonia, while only 36 among them were informed about the right to apply for asylum. Moreover, 3.667 persons were pushed back to Greece and another 187 were detained as witnesses in criminal proceedings against the smugglers, as stated by MYLA lawyers

Sadly, this alarming pattern sheds light on a tendency that does not seem close to an end, which, on the contrary, heightens hate and discrimination at the European borders, thus undermining the right to seek asylum.

2 –  new alarming patterns of violation

During the first quarter of 2022, Equal Legal Aid has recorded an increasing number of requests for legal aid coming from beneficiaries who transited across North Macedonia before entering Greece. The majority of this group of asylum seekers were Cuban citizens, distinguishing themselves as a completely new phenomenon affecting the “reopened” Western Balkan route. They flew nearly 10,000 kilometres from Cuba to Russia aiming at accessing Greece by land. Some of them were smuggled until the Greek border, whereas others claimed to have walked through Serbia and North Macedonia for days.

Carlos* and Miguel*, respectively 30 and 40 years old, fled Cuba as they refused to take part in the violent repression of demonstrators during the protest against the draconian measures put in place by President Miguel Díaz-Canel. Amid public disorder, they had been recruited to serve the government as civilian members of the Committees for the Defense of the Revolution until the moment they decided to step down. They stated, “we cannot beat our people to death, what the government is asking us, is to beat our family, relatives and friends when their wish is just expressing their rights”. Luis*, a young doctor from Santiago, was threatened by the police after taking part in a peaceful manifestation. Due to the pressure exerted, he was forced to resign from his job and therefore leave the country. As claimed by some of them, after days of walking through the mountains of Serbia and North Macedonia during the harsh Balkan winter, they finally arrived in a place at the border with Greece where they were pushed back to Greece. It is worth mentioning that a similar practice had already been documented in the last year concerning the situation of Cuban asylum seekers who tried to cross the Evros river before being pushed back to Turkey. 

3 – Transit from a third country

The Cuban asylum seekers who have been assisted by Equal Legal Aid were kept in detention for months after being apprehended by the Greek police at the border. They were not informed about their rights and deprived of their mobile phones. Due to linguistic barriers, they were not able to understand their legal status as well as the reason why they were kept in custody. Unfortunately, the excess in the use of administrative detention is not a new phenomenon in Greece since the government has already been held accountable for using detention outside its legal scope and partially to either shield systemic dysfunctions of the asylum system or to conceal a xenophobic political will. Those who finally were able to seek asylum – after continuous and tireless legal assistance provided by the team – underwent the admissibility interview. 

Indeed, the scope of this interview is to assess whether North Macedonia is safe for them and why they did not seek protection during the stay on its territory. Specifically, the admissibility interview is intended to clarify whether the applicant, considering his personal story alongside objective circumstances, would be exposed or not to any risk if returned to a safe third country. Upon the outcome, the applicant will either proceed to the eligibility interview about the country of origin or be rejected and returned to the safe third country. Additionally, the person must be granted the effective right to apply for protection in a safe third country. In that regard, as reported by UNHCR, the mechanism for adjudicating refugee status in North Macedonia failed to provide basic procedural guarantees and proper determinations as prescribed in the law. This systemic lack inevitably compromises the fairness of the whole asylum process, thus inhibiting de facto the right to apply for asylum in North Macedonia.

For the time being, the requests of the 3 Cuban applicants have been rejected, deemed inadmissible based on the fact that they could have sought protection in North Macedonia, despite a mere transit of fewer than 12 hours. The other decisions are still pending, whose outcome will be revealed in the coming weeks. 

This approach must be highly criticised: it is inconsistent with what is provided for in Article 86 (1) IPA According to this article, a country shall be considered a “safe third country” for a specific applicant when several criteria are fulfilled, among these, the connection with that country. The connection criteria must be assessed based on this exhaustive list: 

  • a) length of stay; 
  • b) possible contact or objective and subjective possibility of contact with the authorities for the purpose of access to the labour market or granting a right to residence; 
  • c) stay prior to transit e.g. long-stay visits or studies; 
  • d) presence of relatives, including distant relatives; 
  • e) existence of social, professional or cultural ties; 
  • f) existence of property; 
  • g) connection to a broader community; 
  • h) knowledge of the language concerned; 
  • i) geographical proximity to the country of origin. 

Notwithstanding the clarity of this legal provision, the Asylum Office rejected the applicants’ claims based on the fact that they did not seek protection in the third country, failing to take into account any of these subjective and objective connection criteria. Indeed, the Cuban beneficiaries crossed the country for less than 12 hours, showing a total absence of connection with North Macedonia.


Furthermore, the compatibility of said provision should be further assessed with the EU acquis, in particular by taking into consideration the recent CJEU Decision, C‑564/18 (19 March 2020) in which the Court ruled that “the transit of the applicant from a third country cannot constitute as such a valid ground to be considered that the applicant could reasonably return in this country”.

4 – Conclusion

It is quite self-explanatory that in order to return someone to a safe third country there must exist a clear link between the person and the country entitled to take charge of the asylum request. Indeed, the purpose of this provision is to ensure that asylum seekers would be protected and could properly exercise their rights coherently with their will in the third safe country. On the contrary, what we are witnessing is a standardised and jeopardising practice. 

This practice opens a new pandoras’ box with frightening consequences on the right to seek asylum within EU borders. Amid push backs and legal obstacles to properly exercising fundamental rights, asylum seekers are once again lost in a new marshy limbo. It is now undeniable that neither Greece nor North Macedonia is fulfilling their obligations at the expense of people’s lives.

This approach is likewise the continuation of a political strategy promoted 1 year ago and aimed at limiting the access to asylum in Greece. Already in June 2021, Greece designated Turkey as a ‘safe third country’ for people from Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Somalia, as well as Syria. People of these nationalities are now subject to the new admissibility procedure, irrespective of their vulnerability and notwithstanding how long they have been in Greece. The procedure is clearly intended at returning asylum seekers to Turkey, before any assessment regarding the reason why they left their country of origin. (Subscribe the petition launched by Equal Legal Aid on the urgency for Greece to revoke the decision to consider Turkey a safe country.)  As a continuation of this trend, 6 months later, Greece added Albania and Northern Macedonia to the list of safe third countries. 

The question that therefore arises is: at what human cost the Greek government would keep externalising its European and International responsibilities? 

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  114. نقد و بررسی فیلم سینمایی برادران لیلا اثر سعید روستایی
    البته جا دارد که بگوییم آقای محمد زاده
    در سریال نمایش خانگی قورباغه نیز به
    ایفای نقش پرداخت و بسیار در آن درخشان عمل کرد.
    فیلم از لحاظ ساختار فیلمنامه تناقض داشت
    شخصیت ها به نوعی اضافی بودن و کارکرد مناسبی نداشتن میشه گفت تک بعدی
    بودن و هنوز کاراکتر نشدن.
    فیلمبرداری گاها قاب بندی های بدی داشت کارگردانی نسبت به فیلم قبلی اقای روستایی بد بود.

    ظاهرا اقای روستایی به نماد دارن زیاد توجه میکنن ک
    این یک سمه برای فیلمنامه نویس و داستانش
    به شدت آدم رو یاد اثر ابد و یک روز مینداخت ک باز
    هم یک باگ حساب میشه.
    یه وقت ما خواسته یا ناخواسته بخاطر حقوقی که به حق ازمون
    ضایع میشه به پدر و مادرها بی حرمتی نکنیم و این موضوع رو رواج
    ندیم . او از کمردرد دوره‌ای ناشی از
    استرس و کار بیش از حد رنج می‌برد و اساسا تنها مزدبگیر خانواده است
    که حقوق ثابت دارد و از چهار برادر بالغش حمایت می‌کند.

    در این میان پرویز (با بازی فرهاد اصلانی) که اضافه وزن دارد به عنوان نظافتچی یک مرکز خرید مشغول
    به کار است اما کار او کفاف خانواده‌اش
    را نمی‌دهد؛ خانواده‌ای که با تلاش او برای پسردارشدن حتی بزرگتر و بزرگتر هم می‌شود.
    فرهاد (با بازی محمد علی محمدی) فقط
    به تماشای کشتی‌ آمریکایی از تلویزیون
    علاقه‌مند است.
    حتی در دعواها و درگیری های فیلم هم نشانه هایی از آرتور میلر دیده می شود.
    پدر آن‌ها نیز اسماعیل با بازی سعید پورصمیمی است که می‌خواهد بچه‌هایش و همچنین خانواده و طایفه‌اش به او
    احترام بگذارند، به خصوص پس از اینکه پدرسالار پیر این خاندان از دنیا می‌رود و
    همین باعث می‌شود تا اسماعیل خودش را فرد
    مناسبی برای جایگاه او ببیند.
    اما از این لایه اتفاقا فراگیر
    و به اصطلاح تماشاگر پسند که بگذریم، فیلم در سطح دیگری می‌کوشد با استفاده از همان پوسته‌ی روبنایی‌اش روند فروپاشی
    خانواده درون فیلم را واکاوی کند که
    گاها به دلایل گوناگون به
    تمثیل و تشبیه روی می‌آورد.

    روستایی که خود نویسنده فیلمنامه است زحمت زیادی می‌کشد
    تا نشان دهد چگونه فساد را در هر سطح از زندگی می‌توان یافت و از کارخانه‌داران مکار در سطوح بالا تا افرادی که
    در پایین‌ترین سطح جامعه
    جای دارند، مانند پرویز که کارش تمیز کردن توالت است، سر
    دیگران کلاه می‌گذارند. در فیلم «برادران لیلا» بازیگرانی چون
    ترانه علیدوستی، نوید محمدزاده، سعید پورصمیمی، پیمان معادی، فرهاد اصلانی،
    محمد علیمحمدی، نیره فراهانی و مهدی حسینی‌نیا، ایفای نقش کرده اند.
    فیلم سینمایی برادران لیلا علاوه بر ترانه
    علیدوستی در نقش لیلا، نوید محمدزاده، پیمان معادی،
    فرهاد اصلانی و محمد علی محمدی را در
    نقش برادران لیلا و سعید پورصمیمی را در نقش اسماعیل، پدر
    لیلا به خدمت گرفته است. فیلم برادران لیلا با
    حضور نوید محمدزاده، پیمان معادی، سعید پورصمیمی، سعید روستایی و ترانه علیدوستی وارد جشنواره کن ۲۰۲۲ شد و فیلم برگزیده منتقدان در جشنواره کن
    بود.
    اگر یکی بخواد از این موقعیت
    برده ها برا خودش نون دربیاره و ازشون سو استفاده کنه
    در ظاههههر کمک کردن . تو سال گذشته فیلم هایی مثل سگ بند و انفرادی رفتن روی
    پرده و میلیاردی به جیب زدن.
    حالا که فیلمبازی اینو
    باید بهت بگم که افراطی بودن در
    هیچ زمان و درمورد هیچ موضوعی جالب نیست.

    روستایی متولد سال ۸۹ میلادی
    (۱۳۶۸)، نماینده نسل جدیدی از کارگردانان صاحب
    سبک ایرانی است. فیلم‌های او نقدهای اجتماعی و بغرنج را در بافت
    خود جای می‌دهند و داستان‌های مدرن راجع
    به جامعه را به تصویر می‌کشند. البته این انتقادات به مذاق سیاست‌های داخلی کشور خوش
    نمی‌آید اما فعلاً‌ کسی جلوی روستایی را نگرفته است، چرایش را نمی‌دانیم.
    در فیلم برادران لیلا می بینیم که سعید روستایی سعی کرده دختری با چهار برادر را به تصویر بکشد که برادرانش
    همگی به دنبال مشاغل کاذب و یا
    خلاف هستند و این دختر تنها کسی بوده
    که یک شغل آبرومند با درآمد شرافتمندانه
    دارد.
    همچنین در این دنیای نادرست
    بدون متوسل شدن به فریب‌کاری نمی‌توان به جایی
    رسید. سعید روستایی کارگردان و نویسنده‌ی این
    فیلم است که تا قبل از فیلم برادران لیلا، فیلم‌های ماندگاری همچون «ابدویک‌روز» و «متری شیش‌و‌نیم» را خلق کرده
    بود؛ همواره در تلاش است تا نشان دهد چطور فساد به هر سطح از زندگی آدم‌ها نفوذ کرده است.
    این فساد هم افراد برجسته و پولدار همچون مالکان کارخانه و هم افراد
    ساده همچون پرویز که در این فیلم به‌عنوان یک سرایدار در فروشگاهی فعالیت می‌کند و از مشتریان برای استفاده از توالت‌ها دو برابر پول می‌گیرد،را شامل می‌شود.
    فیلم برادران لیلا داستان دختری
    به نام لیلا با بازی ترانه علیدوستی و چهار
    برادرش است که هر کدام از آنها ظاهری متفاوتی دارند.
    در آغاز فیلم، یکی از برادران لیلا به نام علیرضا با بازی نوید محمدزاده از شغل کارگری خودش اخراج می‌شود.

    خیلی منتقد در همین مملکت داریم و خارجم به فیلم نمره ضعیف نیم ستاره دادن و حتی آدمهای سرشناسی داریم قابل
    نقد ندونستن .آیا میشه به همه دنیا برچسب زد چون سلیقه مانیستن.؟ بخدا که خود فیلمساز و عواملش بعیده اینجوری گارد بگیرنن خیلی متواضعانه شنونده نظراتن .
    به گفته دیوید جنکینز، برادران
    لیلا، ریزش مردسالاری و سنت‌ ریشه‌داری است که در عین حال
    دردسرهای زیادی را می‌طلبد تا توضیح دهد که
    چرا مردم کورکورانه به آنها به‌عنوان نوعی مرهم وجودی می‌چسبند.
    او در ادامه می‌افراید، وزنه
    سنگینی که سعید روستایی برداشته است تا تغییرات
    روایی خود را در بستری از اعتبار نشان دهد،
    به همان میزان که حیرت‌انگیز است، سرگرم‌کننده
    نیز هست. بر خلاف عنوان فیلم، لیلا شخصیت
    اصلی داستان نیست، و دستکاری‌های زیرکانه او در بسیاری از موارد خارج از
    کادر دوربین است.
    عدم همراهی و هم‌گامی این چند لحن متفاوت باعث می‌شود که
    پایان فیلم چنین دیر از راه برسد و
    از جایی به بعد به نظر برسد که انگار اصلا
    قرار نیست این قصه تمام شود؛ چرا که فیلم‌ساز دوست دارد هر کدام از بخش‌هایش را به سرانجام برساند.

    روند تغییرات به قدری سریع بود
    که کمتر کسی فرصت مکث بر آن و تحلیل آن‌چه در حال رخ دادن بود را
    داشت. فیلم تازه‌ی روستایی را شاید بتوان نسخه به روز شده «ابد و یک روز» دانست.
    همانند آن فیلم با خانواده‌ای مضمحل و
    در حال فروپاشی طرف هستیم. در «ابد و
    یک روز» محسن و مرتضی و بقیه اعضای خانواده در چارچوب آن خانه محقر و رو به ویرانی تعریف می‌شدند که در آن سمیه همانند یک فرشته نگهبان ستون‌های آن را نگه داشته بود.
    نقد فیلم برادران لیلاوی می داند چگونه ابعاد حماسی به این داستان
    بدهد و در مواقعی فیلم‌های کاپولا
    یا چیمینو را به ذهن متبادر کند.

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  121. خدمات پرستاری در منزل و بیمارستان
    فروش و اجاره تجهیزات پزشکی
    بدون تردید استفاده از خدمات شبانه‌روزی مستلزم هزینه‌ی بیشتری خواهد بود.
    این موسسه یکی از برترین مراکز خدمات درمانی
    در سطحتهران و کرجمی باشد و تمامی نیرو های متخصص
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    باشد و تمامی نیرو های متخصص این مرکز
    اعم از آمبولانس خصوصی، پرستار، پزشک، متخصص، همراه بیمار و… با یک
    تماس به سرعت در محل مورد نظر شما آماده خدمت خواهند شد.

    من برای مراقبت از پدربزرگم درخواست نیرو کردم، نیرو ها واقعا مطمئن هستن و به خوبی کارشون رو بلدن، ممنونم از مرکز پرستاری مهام
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    عزیز. کنترل عفونت ها و دیگر عوارض بیمارستانی که می تواند موجب طولانی
    شدن مدت درمان و مراقبت و افزایش هزینه ها گردد.
    کاهش ریسک و فشارهای جانبی انتقال بیمار به بیمارستان از دیگر مزایای استفاده از خدمات درمانی عرفان سلامت می باشد.

    برای بعضی از افراد این مشکل
    بیشتر طول می­‌کشد و نیز حادتر
    می‌­شود. در این شرایط شخص ممکن است دچار سوء
    هاضمه شود زیرا نمی­‌تواند غذا بخورد یا بلع را بصورت کامل انجام دهد.
    پزشک برای حل این مشکل دستور استفاده از لوله­‌ی بینی-معده­‌ای
    که همان NG-tube است استفاده می­‌کند.
    پ بیمار را از لحاظ رژیم غذایی ، میزان فشار خون، دما، ضربان
    قلب و تنفس بررسی می کنند. این خدمات طیف گسترده ای از خدمات مراقبت
    های پزشکی را شامل می شود که می تواند به
    راحتی در منزل شما انجام شود.
    هزینه تمامی خدمات پرستاری براساس تعرفه اعلامی هیئت وزیران دولت تعیین میشود.

    آموزش به فرد و خانواده در
    مورد طرز مصرف و نگهداری داروها و عدم مصرف داروهای
    تاریخ گذشته و غیر ضروری. انسداد مجاری هوایی
    کامل و ناقص (در نوزادان ، کودکان ، بزرگسالان و سالمندان).
    آموزش چگونگی انجام تست روزانه ادرار (به فرد و خانواده ) .
    راهنمایی و آموزش به فرد و خانواده در انجام مهارتها و
    فعالیتهای روزمره زندگی .
    در اختلال تکلم کمک به بیمار و خانواده در سازش با موقعیت مددجو .

    با استفاده از اپلیکیشن آسانیسم، به راحتی می توانید فقط با چند
    کلیک از قیمت خدمات مراقبتی و پرستاری اطلاع کسب نمایید و خدمت
    مورد نظرتان را به راحتی و با کیفیت بالا دریافت کنید.

    برای نصب اپلیکیشن میتوانید آسانیسم را از کافه بازار یا به
    صورت مستقیم دانلود نمایید.
    پرستار در منزل منجر به بی نیازی نسبت به خدمات بیمارستان می‌شود و شما را از رفت و آمد در شهرهای شلوغ بی
    نیاز می‌کند.
    اما بهتر است از این موضوع خیالتان آسوده باشد؛ چرا که یک پرستار در منزل
    تمام نیازهای روزمره فرد را برطرف می‌کند.
    در موارد بسیاری مشاهده می‌کنیم که فرد سالمند برای رسیدگی به امور روزمره خود
    به کمک احتیاج دارد. اما فرزندان معمولاً
    مشغله‌های زیادی دارند و نمی‌توانند به خوبی از
    والدین سالمند خود مراقبت کنند.
    همچنین سالمندان از نظر عاطفی حساس‌اند و
    حتی ممکن است به فردی احتیاج داشته باشند
    که در طول روز با او صحبت کنند.

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